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Cawyaŋ Zarma Sanni

map of the river Niger

Zarma sitemap : Grammar per subject

Subject in alphabetic order

Per subject the lesson and section is given in which the subject is explained. The current index contains subjects discussed in lessons 1 up to and including 16.

A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N Ŋ Ɲ O P Q R
S T U V W X Y Z    

 

A

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  • 'abada' and 'koyne'; 8.D.6
  • additional meanings of "te; 13.C
  • adjective:
    • contractions of demonstrative 'wo'; 7.D.3
    • demonstrative; 7.D.1
    • predicate adjectives, prefix 'i'; 13.D.1
    • prefix 'i'; 13.D.1
    • pronoun, use as pronoun with prefix 'i'; 13.D.1
    • qualifying and numerical; 5.D.2
  • admonish against something; 10.D.1
  • adverb 'mo'; 5.D.5
  • adverbial object with verbs 'come' and 'go'; 2.C.5
  • appositives, variations in 'ay' and 'ni'; 11.D.3
  • article:
    • definite plural; 1.D.3
    • definite singular; 1.D.2
    • indefinite plural; 12.D.2 3
  • asking to do or to don't; 10.D.1
  • auxiliary, see particle

B

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  • 'ba':
    • conjunction-preposition; 8.D.5
    • expressions with 'ba'; 16.C.3
    • verb; 15.C
  • be, the verb 'to be':
    • negative forms; 8.D.3
    • past and present; 4.D.3
    • sentence order; 4.D.4
    • use of 'ga ti'; 9.D.2
    • 'ya ... no'; 6.D.5
  • 'beytu' and 'don', use and spelling; 13.C

C

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  • cardinal number:
    • 1-10; 3.D.1
    • 11-20; 6.D.4
    • 10-1000; 12.D.1  
  • 'cere', reciprocal pronouns; 13.D.2
  • climate, idiomatic expressions; 13.D.3
  • combination "han kan ga"; 7.D.6
  • combinations of verbs and prepositions; 6.D.1
  • complex sentences, variations in 'ay' and 'ni'; 11.D.3
  • compound nouns showing origin; 5.D.4
  • conditional sentences, verb forms; 10.D.2
  • connecting words
    • connecting clauses, use of 'mo'; 5.D.5
    • connecting substantives, use of 'nda'; 2.C.3
    • connecting verbs, use of 'ga' or 'ka'; 15.D.2
  • conjunction-preposition 'ba'; 8.D.5
  • contractions of demonstrative adjective 'wo'; 7.D.3
  • counting:
    • 1-10; 3.D.1
    • 11-20; 6.D.4
    • 10-1000; 12.D.1  
    • counting money to 100 Francs; 8.D.8
    • counting money over 100 Francs; 12.D.1

D

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  • 'dama', use; 13.C
  • demonstrative adjective 'wo', contractions; 7.D.3
  • demonstrative pronoun and adjectives; 7.D.1
  • 'din', demonstrative suffix; 7.D.2
  • direct discourse; 9.D.4
  • direct object:
    • exceptions sentence order; 2.C.3
    • introduction; 2.C.1
    • past tense; 2.C.2
    • word 'ey'; 3.D.4
  • direct questions; 9.D.1
  • discourse:
    • direct discourse; 9.D.4
    • indirect discourse; 9.D.4
  • 'don' and 'beytu', use and spelling; 13.C
  • 'du', expressions; 16.C.5

E

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  • emphatic pronouns; 8.D.7
  • exclamations; 15.D.3
  • express desire; 10.D.1
  • expressions; 15.D.3
  • 'ey', as direct object; 3.D.4

F

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  • family, close relationships; 7.D.7
  • feminine and masculine, nouns; 5.D.1
  • future tense:
    • conditional sentences; 10.D.2
    • introduction; 3.D.2
    • negative form; 8.D.2

G

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  • 'ga', the particle ; 3.D.2, 15.D.1, 15.D.2; 16.C.5
  • 'ga ti', use of'ga ti'; 9.D.2
  • gerunds (verbal nouns); 7.D.5
  • 'gonda', verb 'to have'; 11.D.1
  • 'go (no) ga';
    • past progressive tense; 15.D.1
    • present progressive tense; 5.D.3

H

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  • 'ha', expressions; 16.C.3
  • 'hala':
    • expressions with 'hala'; 16.C.4
    • subjunctive mood; 10.D.1
    • uses of 'hala'" and 'kala'; 12.D.3
  • 'han kan ga', combination; 7.D.6
  • 'have', the verb 'to have'; 11.D.1
  • 'hay fo', use of 'hay kulu' and 'hay fo'; 9.D.3
  • 'hay kulu', use of 'hay kulu' and 'hay fo'; 9.D.3

I

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  • idiom:  
    • 'ya'; 10.D.1
  • idiomatic expressions for weather and climate; 13.D.3
  • imperative mood; 11.D.2
  • imperfect, uncompleted aspect of verb:
    • present tense; 5.D.3
    • past tense; 15.D.1
  • indefinite pronoun; 3.D.3
  • indirect discourse; 9.D.4
  • indirect object, introduction; 6.D.2
  • interrogative; 9.D.1
  • irregular verbs:
    • direct object; 2.C.3
    • indirect object; 6.D.2

J

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  • 'jina':
    • to express 'not yet'; 16.C.2
    • to express 'already'; 16.C.2

K

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  • 'ka', particle; 9.D.2, 15.D.1, 15.D.2
  • 'kaci', use of "ga ti"; 9.D.2
  • 'kala', uses of 'hala' and 'kala'; 12.D.3
  • 'kan':
    • forms and uses of 'kan' & 'nda'; 12.C
    • 'kan'& 'nda' for "when", conjunction; 7.D.8
    • use in combination with other words; 7.D.6
  • 'ko', nouns formed with the suffix 'ko' to the verb; 11.D.5
  • 'kom', nouns formed with the suffixes 'kom'; 11.D.4
  • 'koy':
    • nouns formed with the suffixes 'koy'; 11.D.4
    • verb 'koy' conjunction with other verbs; 15.D.2
  • 'koni', nouns formed with the suffixes 'koni'; 11.D.4
  • 'koyne':
    • 'koyne' and 'abada' ; 8.D.6
    • 'koyne' to express 'not any more, not more, not again'; 16.C.1
  • 'kulu'; use of 'kulu'; 12.D.4, 16.C.8

L

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- - no subjects - -

M

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  • masculine and feminine, nouns; 5.D.1
  • 'mo', adverb and conjunction; 5.D.5
  • mood:
    • imperative mood; 11.D.2
    • subjunctive mood; 10.D.1
  • money to 100 Francs; 8.D.8

N

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  • 'na', tense indicating particle; 2.C.2
  • 'nda':
    • conjunction; 2.C.5
    • 'nda'& 'kan' for "when", conjunction; 7.D.8
    • forms and uses of 'nda'" and 'kan' ; 12.C
  • negative of verbs:
    • past tense; 8.D.1
    • present and future; 8.D.2
    • verb 'to be'; 8.D.3
  • no, use in Zarma of "yes" and "no"; 8.D.4
  • nouns:
    • compound nouns showing origin; 5.D.4
    • definite plural; 1.D.3
    • definite singular; 1.D.2
    • nouns formed with the suffix 'ko' to the verb; 11.D.5
    • formed with the suffixes 'koy', 'kom', and 'koni'; 11.D.4
    • gerunds (verbal nouns with suffix 'yan'); 7.D.5
    • indefinite plural (suffix 'yan'); 12.D.2
    • indefinite singular; 1.D.2
    • masculine and feminine; 5.D.1
  • numbers:
    • counting 1-10; 3.D.1
    • counting, 11-20; 6.D.4
    • counting money to 100 Francs; 8.D.8
  • numerical adjective; 5.D.2

Ŋ

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- - no subjects - -

Ɲ/Ny

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- - no subjects - -

O

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- - no subjects - -

P

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  • particle:
    • 'ga'; 3.D.2, 9.D.1, 15.D.1, 15.D.2
    • 'go (no) ga'; 5.D.3, 15.D.1
    • 'ka'; 9.D.1; 15.D.2
    • 'ma'; 10.D.1 (subjunctive), 11.D.2 (imperative)
    • 'mana'; 8.D.1
    • 'manti'; 8.D.3
    • 'na'; 2.C.2
    • 'si'; 8.D.2, 8.D.3
    • 'wa'; 11.D.2 (imperative)
  • passive voice; 6.D.3
  • past tense:
    • conditional sentences; 10.D.2
    • direct object; 2.C.2
    • introduction; 1.D.5
    • interrogative pronouns; 9.D.1
    • negative form; 8.D.1 
    • progressive tense; 15.D.1
  • personal pronouns
    • introduction; 1.D.1
    • third person forms; 3.D.4; 4.D.1
    • variations in 'ay' and 'ni'; 11.D.3
  • possessive pronoun:
    • introduction; 4.D.1
    • sentence order; 4.D.4
  • prefix 'i' on adjectives; 13.D.1
  • preposition:
    • introduction; 4.D.2
    • in combination with verbs; 6.D.1
    • the conjunction-preposition 'ba'; 8.D.5
    • verbs come and go; 2.C.4
  • prepositional phrase, sentence order; 6.D.2
  • present tense:
    • negative form; 8.D.2
    • uncompleted aspect of verb; 5.D.3
  • pronouns:
    • adjectives used as pronoun with prefix 'i'; 13.D.1
    • demonstrative; 7.D.1 emphatic forms; 8.D.7
    • indefinite; 3.D.3
    • interrogative pronoun; 9.D.1
    • personal; 1.D.1
    • possessive (introduction); 4.D.1
    • reciprocal pronouns; 13.D.2
    • relative, in combinations; 7.D.4
    • variations in 'ay' and 'ni'; 11.D.3

Q

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  • qualifying adjective; 5.D.2
  • questions:
    • direct questions; 9.D.1
    • formulate questions; 1.D.6

R

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  • reciprocal pronouns; 13.D.2
  • relationships, family; 7.D.7
  • relative pronoun in combinations; 7.D.4
  • requesting something and imperative mood; 11.D.2

S

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  • sentences,
    • complex sentences, variations in 'ay' and 'ni'; 11.D.3
    • sentence order, direct object; 2.C.1-2.C.3
    • indirect object; 6.D.2
    • possessive pronoun; 4.D.4
    • preposition; 4.D.2
    • prepositional phrase; 6.D.2
    • questions; 1.D.6
    • review 1; 2.C.5
    • verb 'to be'; 4.D.4
  • 'sinda', verb 'to have'; 11.D.1
  • spelling of:
    • 'beytu'; 13.C
    • 'don'; 13.C
  • subjunctive mood; 10.D.1
  • suffix:  
    • 'din'; 7.D.2
    • 'ko'; 11.D.5
    • 'koy', "kom", and "koni"; 11.D.4
    • 'yan':
      • gerunds (verbal nouns); 7.D.5
      • 'yan' on nouns (indefinite plural); 12.D.2

T

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  • 'te',
    • additional meanings; 13.C
    • expressions; 16.C.7

U

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  • use of:
    • 'ba'; 15.C; 16.C.3
    • 'beytu'; 13.C
    • 'cere', reciprocal pronouns; 13.D.2
    • 'dama'; 13.C
    • 'don'; 13.C
    • 'gaa'; 16.C.3
    • 'ga ba ga'; 15.C
    • 'ga ti'; 9.D.2
    • 'ha'; 16.C.3
    • 'hala'; 12.D.3; 16.C.4
    • 'hay kulu' and 'hay fo'; 9.D.3 
    • impersonal verbs; 10.D.1
    • 'jina'; 16.C.2 "kala"; 12.D.3
    • 'koyne'; 16.C.1 "kulu"; 12.D.4
    • 'mo'; 5.D.5
    • some verbs in combination with prepositions; 6.D.1
    • 'ya ... no' (to be); 6.D.5
    • 'ye ga' with another verb; 15.C
    • 'yes' and 'no' in Zarma; 8.D.4

V

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  • verbal nouns; 7.D.5
  • verb-link conjunction 'ga' or 'ka'; 15.D.2
  • verbs:
    • auxiliary, see 'particle' at letter P
    • 'ba', expressions with; 11.C; 15.C
    • 'cindi', expressions with; 11.C
    • 'come' and 'go'; 2.C.4
    • forms:
      • in conditional sentences; 10.D.2
      • 'to be':
        • 'ga ti', use of "ga ti"; 9.D.2
        • 'ya ... no'; 6.D.5
        • negative forms of 'to be'; 8.D.3
    • future tense; 3.D.2
    • 'gay', expressions with; 11.C
    • imperfect tense; 15.D.1
    • in combination with prepositions; 6.D.1
    • negative forms of 'to be'; 8.D.3
    • of consenting, forbidding, asking, commanding; 10.D.1
    • particle, see 'particle' at letter P
    • past tense:
      • general 1.D.5
      • negative form; 8.D.1
      • progressive tense 15.D.1
    • present and future negative forms; 8.D.2  
    • present tense; 5.D.3
    • 'to be' (see: be); 4.D.3
    • 'to have'; 11.D.1
    • use of impersonal verbs; 10.D.1
    • 'ye', practical idiomatic winks; 15.C

W

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  • 'watifo', expressions with; 16.C.6
  • weather, expressions with; 13.D.3
  • 'when', use of 'nda' & 'kan', conjunction; 7.D.8
  • 'wo', contractions of demonstrative adjective; 7.D.3

X

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- - no subjects - -

Y

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  • 'ya ... no', form of 'to be'; 6.D.5
  • 'yadin':
    • expression with 'ga'; 16.C.8
    • expression with 'kulu'; 16.C.8
  • 'ye ga' with another verb; 15.C
  • yes, use in Zarma of 'yes' and 'no'; 8.D.4
  • 'yan':
    • gerunds (verbal nouns); 7.D.5
    • indefinite plural of nouns; 12.D.2

Z

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  • 'za', expressions with; 16.C.6
  • 'zama', subjunctive mood; 10.D.1
 

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Last updated: 20 Januari, 2016